Introduction . People with severe mental illness (SMI), including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (BD), schizoaffective disorder, and major depressive disorder, have a disproportionately high mortality rate—two to three times that of the general population1 , 2 , 3. In Taiwan, these patients have a higher risk of death than the general population and significantly lower life expectancy at birth than the national standard (lower by 11.99–15.53?years in men and 6.83–15.48?years i...